This utilizes Can I change all math output to use monospaced text? to add the appropriate \everymath command to your \@floatboxreset patch:
\documentclass{article}\usepackage{etoolbox}\makeatletter\appto\@floatboxreset{% \ifx\@captype\andy@table \ttfamily % https://tex.stackexchange.com/q/119879/5764 \everymath{\mathtt{\xdef\tmp{\fam\the\fam\relax}\aftergroup\tmp}}% \fi}\def\andy@table{table}\makeatother\begin{document}\begin{table} \begin{tabular}{ l *{3}{c} } \hline& treat x time & treat x time x female & treat x time x female \\ \hline (Intercept) & $-0.03$ & $0.01$ & $-0.83^{*}$ \\& $[-0.16;\ 0.10]$ & $[-0.13;\ 0.15]$ & $[-0.93;\ -0.73]$ \\ v1 & $-0.06$ & $-0.06$ & $-0.07$ \\& $[-0.23;\ 0.11]$ & $[-0.23;\ 0.11]$ & $[-0.18;\ 0.05]$ \\ v2 & $0.05$ & $-0.03$ & \\& $[-0.04;\ 0.15]$ & $[-0.16;\ 0.11]$ & \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{l}{\scriptsize{$^*$ 0 outside the confidence interval. Fixed effect of time treated as factor.}} \end{tabular}\end{table}\end{document}Unfortunately the spacing around a unary minus is not consistent. For example, see $a - b$ $-b$ $[-b]$ ${-}b$:
You may have to use the {-} to force a unary minus where needed.